목적: The incidence of hearing loss in neonates is 1-3 per 1,000, and it is 2-5 percent in neonates who had risk factors. In this study, we analyzed risk factors of hearing loss in infant using Korean National Health Insurance Service data. 방법:We included neonates who were born from 2007 to 2013 (n=3,280,030) from the whole data of National Health Insurance Service and they were tracked until 2015. The hearing loss patient group was composed of people who were graded as hearing impairment by the Ministry of Health and Welfare or recipients of cochlear implantation (n=1,556). The control group was composed of people with similar propensities of demographic characteristics (n=4,668). Next, we matched individual neonates with their mothers, and ‘hearing loss patient matched with mother group’ was established (n=847) and control group was re-established with similar propensities of demographic characteristics (n=2,508). Risk factors which were reported by Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) were analyzed by means of diagnostic code, treatment code, and medication code during neonatal period for infant and twelve months prior to patient’s birth for mother’s infections. 결과:Low birth weight (170 versus 142), use of aminoglycosides and loop diuretics (324 versus 215), and hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for more than five days (256 versus 108) were significantly higher in patient group than in control group. In the analysis of mother-matched group, low birth weight (103 versus 77), use of aminoglycosides and loop diuretics (184 versus 117), and hospitalization in NICU for more than five days (153 versus 59) were also significantly higher in patient group than in control group. 결론:Low birth weight, use of aminoglycosides and loop diuretics, and hospitalization in NICU for more than five days were significant risk factors of hearing impairment in infant. This study has significance because it was based on population-based big data of long-term period.