Surgery, radiation therapy (RTx), and chemotherapy is the main treatment modalities for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Depending on the cancer stage, these treatment modalities may be used either alone or in combination. RTx plays an important role in the treatment of both early and advanced OPSCC, but long-term side effects reduce quality of life. When concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRTx) is employed, side effects are more common than when RTx alone is scheduled. Mandibular swinging and/or composite resection are/is needed during surgery to treat OPSCC; these procedures are associated with long operative times and high-level morbidity. Considering the limitations of the current treatment modalities, novel strategies are required. Any new therapy should be associated with fewer long-term sequelae and better functional results, while affording oncological outcomes as least as good as those of existing therapies. Recently, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) used to treat head- and-neck cancer has rendered various transoral procedures that were previously considered difficult to be rather routine. Then, TORS conducted in OPSCC patients afforded excellent initial results. The robotic systems yield three-dimensional views of the surgical area, and the robotic arms can be moved through various angles within a narrow space. Thus, geometric tumor resection via the oral cavity has become possible. There is no need to reconstruct the defect site after surgery; this reduces the operative time and facilitates rapid functional recovery. However, TORS has limited applications in the treatment of locally advanced OPSCC. A prospective clinical trial was conducted featuring neoadjuvant chemotherapy and TORS in patients with locally advanced OPSCC in previous study. The tumor volume was reduced, residual cancer cells were removed via TORS, and further treatments were planned based on pathological information obtained postoperatively. In some patients, adjuvant RTx could be omitted. The total adjuvant RTx dose was modulated by reference to the presence or absence of various risk factors. Although large-scale multicenter studies and long-term follow-up are needed in the future, it has confirmed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus TORS is a useful treatment option for patients with advanced OPSCC.